principal_components relates the data to a set of a components through
the eigen-decomposition of the correlation matrix, where each component explains
some variance of the data and returns the results as an object of class prcomp.
principal_components(data, retx = TRUE, center = TRUE, scale. = FALSE, tol = NULL, ...)
| data | numeric data. |
|---|---|
| retx | a logical value indicating whether the rotated variables should be returned. |
| center | a logical value indicating whether the variables should be shifted to be zero centered. Alternately, a vector of length equal the number of columns of x can be supplied. The value is passed to scale. |
| scale. | a logical value indicating whether the variables should be scaled to have
unit variance before the analysis takes place. The default is FALSE for consistency
with S, but in general scaling is advisable. Alternatively, a vector of length equal
the number of columns of |
| tol | a value indicating the magnitude below which components should be omitted.
(Components are omitted if their standard deviations are less than or equal to tol
times the standard deviation of the first component.) With the default null setting,
no components are omitted. Other settings for tol could be |
| ... | arguments passed to or from other methods. |
principal_components returns a list containing the following components:
pca_sdev: the standard deviations of the principal components (i.e., the square roots of the eigenvalues of the correlation matrix, though the calculation is actually done with the singular values of the data matrix).
pca_loadings: the matrix of variable loadings (i.e., a matrix whose columns contain the eigenvectors).
pca_rotated: if retx is TRUE the value of the rotated data (the centred (and scaled if requested) data multiplied by the rotation matrix) is returned. Hence, cov(x) is the diagonal matrix diag(sdev^2).
pca_center: the centering used
pca_scale: whether scaling was used
The calculation is done by a singular value decomposition of the (centered and possibly scaled) data matrix, not by using eigen on the covariance matrix. This is generally the preferred method for numerical accuracy
prcomp, biplot.prcomp, screeplot, cor,
cov, svd, eigen
x <- matrix(rnorm(200 * 3), ncol = 10) principal_components(x)#> $pca_sdev #> [1] 1.2962713 1.2558586 1.2132392 1.1542074 1.0238156 0.9643643 0.8933342 #> [8] 0.8811908 0.7982203 0.6015554 #> #> $pca_loadings #> PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4 PC5 PC6 #> [1,] 0.381246317 -0.14691494 0.44409047 -0.01472215 0.090793971 -0.36385905 #> [2,] 0.620548857 0.28641005 -0.52854451 0.29681554 0.008660355 0.04205106 #> [3,] 0.189064241 0.37244007 0.39156170 -0.22235348 -0.123353942 -0.09486165 #> [4,] 0.115588639 -0.02951389 0.06545116 0.18525384 0.906698011 0.08710650 #> [5,] -0.137209770 -0.13882505 -0.22189600 0.22406329 -0.020727078 0.14340477 #> [6,] -0.127173689 -0.60760795 -0.09922383 0.32154560 -0.137211064 -0.09402970 #> [7,] 0.398897837 -0.30625142 0.43984707 0.40848512 -0.212563384 0.26527003 #> [8,] 0.005809644 0.32702829 0.11142481 0.24560778 -0.219859758 0.54246491 #> [9,] 0.387241376 -0.15519536 -0.30582249 -0.18983415 -0.192287021 -0.35826614 #> [10,] -0.276325088 0.37884002 0.08560608 0.64117667 -0.067909382 -0.57171192 #> PC7 PC8 PC9 PC10 #> [1,] -0.16245439 0.35660432 -0.27556749 -0.51526856 #> [2,] 0.20112936 0.28766285 0.18517523 -0.07806113 #> [3,] 0.48938892 -0.43694540 0.34652128 -0.21924129 #> [4,] 0.08993283 -0.30494905 -0.11124202 0.06340277 #> [5,] -0.39471280 -0.35105047 0.34344843 -0.66668801 #> [6,] 0.66015095 -0.04415552 -0.11644496 -0.14975184 #> [7,] -0.22129070 -0.11946889 0.26861520 0.36853379 #> [8,] 0.06335024 -0.14185270 -0.64455116 -0.19517159 #> [9,] -0.18417851 -0.58246329 -0.37009141 0.14461099 #> [10,] -0.08404826 -0.08557807 -0.03516651 0.12082283 #> #> $pca_rotated #> PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4 PC5 PC6 #> [1,] -1.51830616 0.556601356 -0.6147185 1.92054759 -1.56385907 0.59871359 #> [2,] 0.94365533 0.009358914 1.2125091 -0.82819432 0.36851848 -0.30122514 #> [3,] 0.25003939 -0.047105962 -1.0350509 -0.39209025 -1.00606517 -1.83022329 #> [4,] 0.21231179 0.312162465 -1.0839665 1.68108439 -0.37390079 0.38740856 #> [5,] 0.07405330 1.998852154 -0.6614454 -1.73665782 0.04443971 0.56889959 #> [6,] 0.11572635 0.460548127 -0.3085498 -1.48622086 1.46379867 1.02054632 #> [7,] -1.19967905 -0.050166906 -0.8146942 1.29545291 1.56153593 -1.09397591 #> [8,] -0.96197620 0.796695635 -1.2395702 0.34287383 0.25067637 0.53622186 #> [9,] 0.49397175 0.783572639 -0.6811486 -0.96401642 0.52774678 -0.28779352 #> [10,] 0.56745539 -2.019350237 -1.0890808 -0.58079698 -1.19242858 0.98531018 #> [11,] 2.65341928 1.182516975 0.8013031 1.12831201 -0.78412145 0.03213318 #> [12,] 0.42920752 1.201776273 -1.6436036 -0.21342994 0.95912347 -1.06760627 #> [13,] 1.43427512 -1.739939088 1.7250906 1.98990652 -0.96249470 1.28384165 #> [14,] 0.95694038 1.186829607 -1.3038756 0.72561841 0.15333550 0.42621718 #> [15,] 1.23549509 0.317435477 0.5122638 -0.35293091 -0.71723143 0.72615276 #> [16,] 0.30909780 0.088278237 2.1650970 -0.93703788 0.67664526 0.48878506 #> [17,] -0.41707455 1.053207144 -0.4558909 -1.59814019 -0.63163445 0.83112810 #> [18,] 0.38840922 2.219865620 -0.4103199 -0.88917497 0.85832784 -0.92362045 #> [19,] -0.72401195 -0.444510304 -0.7412773 -0.17350248 -0.64349336 2.19914139 #> [20,] -1.40521406 -1.784678778 -3.2912227 -0.88030405 0.54732545 -1.16998750 #> [21,] 1.87451359 -0.375325392 -0.8954098 0.04728083 1.46601952 -0.15321064 #> [22,] -0.05501274 1.007068972 -1.4394039 -0.02515316 2.38330343 -1.41573736 #> [23,] -1.30754940 0.973708812 -0.2724064 -1.02177421 -0.98137717 -1.41394170 #> [24,] 1.64248395 -1.747364850 -1.4470448 0.59425432 0.64931148 -0.92394215 #> [25,] 0.85816084 -0.596249864 0.3834663 1.55947781 -0.83210022 -0.98486963 #> [26,] -0.89325885 1.119253640 -0.3450632 1.55919830 0.10260396 0.31563814 #> [27,] 0.86164294 0.760571544 0.8484896 -0.48337949 -0.05836657 -0.69044093 #> [28,] -1.57037492 -2.101418765 -1.9632240 -1.03386401 -1.84409908 -0.77556309 #> [29,] -0.22412763 -1.411368746 0.2560071 -0.74981639 -0.09833102 0.67453766 #> [30,] -1.30088255 -1.813952301 -0.4995960 1.14307118 0.49711992 0.34038673 #> [31,] -1.90115094 1.978029537 1.8105212 -1.39684974 1.04893046 0.30751870 #> [32,] -1.99606113 -1.586548736 0.4252285 0.10700421 0.57748194 0.42595160 #> [33,] 0.34550733 1.884762769 0.1906796 -0.93304971 -1.10060947 0.82200797 #> [34,] 1.69209822 -1.323073871 1.9500316 -0.04577172 -0.59258486 -1.30977154 #> [35,] -1.59792753 -1.634747060 -0.8612015 0.51149483 0.52311689 1.54174540 #> [36,] 1.38154962 -1.244709937 0.4325525 -2.29513578 -0.64725745 0.79800605 #> [37,] -0.32633226 -2.283312279 0.9569437 0.05038291 1.14225380 -2.30443785 #> [38,] 1.68946459 1.713597997 -0.6169675 -0.23887191 -0.37805479 0.03984386 #> [39,] 0.69684199 -0.587290779 -1.0806599 -0.04893910 -1.81322604 0.02863340 #> [40,] 0.50431211 -2.408296181 1.1266273 -1.68601512 1.63554309 -1.11269373 #> [41,] 1.33972255 -1.080841357 0.9567162 -0.04040834 -0.08757263 0.65068265 #> [42,] -1.94570462 0.669407607 0.9232580 0.63069483 -0.65346579 -0.13597110 #> [43,] 1.44064527 0.880437028 -0.5687700 1.23467055 -0.39706674 -0.88948534 #> [44,] 2.90212101 1.750250788 -1.0305339 1.34728294 0.03967435 -0.03530228 #> [45,] -0.91465346 1.098857696 0.4902522 0.11231686 0.05381678 0.23640247 #> [46,] 0.18862750 1.205692066 0.8748675 1.95428319 -0.04751048 -0.61419631 #> [47,] -0.35886467 -0.606824893 0.1892159 1.27444523 -0.76407567 -0.86410225 #> [48,] -0.35654384 -0.705832402 -1.3367786 1.76330989 -0.47787725 0.83398340 #> [49,] 0.86849112 0.270897413 1.5549070 1.66160903 0.78507908 0.38687798 #> [50,] -1.53459518 -0.630037898 2.2925030 2.61898184 1.26419160 0.09823967 #> [51,] -3.41626883 0.603845749 0.6286157 -0.64591993 0.62815707 -0.13630060 #> [52,] 1.33921123 -0.645621319 -0.3529361 -1.14041519 0.93141610 -0.32091502 #> [53,] -2.37952719 0.908613247 1.0620676 0.76765074 -0.22093819 -0.30568717 #> [54,] -1.38198152 1.061000220 -0.5827538 -0.60326340 -2.85129055 -0.92831880 #> [55,] -0.02112469 -0.765740331 1.0213768 0.48006122 0.68121177 0.42094173 #> [56,] -0.14017729 0.403028320 2.5433807 -1.68785846 -1.88256940 -1.36242109 #> [57,] -1.49609868 0.417133595 1.7872431 -0.78494746 -0.45417647 0.37033958 #> [58,] 0.10298247 0.022670091 -1.9887771 -0.49580721 0.92223187 2.37757536 #> [59,] 1.13895881 -2.228722390 0.7411863 -1.57117365 -0.52254147 1.01890428 #> [60,] 0.41308705 0.966502912 0.7935402 -0.54035530 1.83738372 1.57902462 #> PC7 PC8 PC9 PC10 #> [1,] 0.98920906 -1.331247680 0.508643904 -0.558712412 #> [2,] -0.85576561 -1.129282797 0.144336880 -0.768719879 #> [3,] -0.92551597 -0.373169048 0.186912325 1.097958380 #> [4,] -1.40512163 1.256106203 0.123238416 -0.350130607 #> [5,] -0.49146272 -1.344626735 -0.541325297 0.452166422 #> [6,] 0.72068968 -0.926956564 0.857095527 1.302577771 #> [7,] 1.43428010 0.479939666 0.973674916 -0.043150399 #> [8,] 0.90370657 0.798994402 -0.298070142 -0.209618373 #> [9,] -0.81731662 0.799031333 -0.657299190 -0.254716551 #> [10,] -0.59032850 -0.089061087 -1.105492741 -0.998304398 #> [11,] 0.34511587 -1.287230786 -0.670604158 -0.228742596 #> [12,] 0.07331302 0.139958468 -1.664122606 -0.395238834 #> [13,] 0.39250461 -0.514100049 0.752311126 -0.163175896 #> [14,] 0.24849963 0.311767068 0.969243311 -0.798920908 #> [15,] 1.82835634 -0.124406574 -0.288850652 1.240149949 #> [16,] 0.91412225 0.734282572 -0.008845660 1.182477563 #> [17,] -0.69243206 -0.785266633 -0.356551158 -0.139739180 #> [18,] 1.36635932 -0.365949043 0.840084718 0.589267603 #> [19,] 2.19444004 -0.066299476 -0.451920021 -0.474378407 #> [20,] -0.37835670 1.087099578 -1.308957126 0.256211611 #> [21,] 0.12778261 -1.342554871 -0.849878848 0.330479304 #> [22,] 1.62611592 -0.064568606 0.032445586 -0.645426881 #> [23,] -0.06286973 -0.019728139 0.866785472 0.328579989 #> [24,] -0.96794785 1.390022018 0.293868802 -0.027166406 #> [25,] 0.23894069 0.649384379 -0.872425219 1.008489631 #> [26,] -0.82494359 0.252357125 -0.096754265 0.393249366 #> [27,] -1.16517555 1.749731756 0.138662584 -0.132709829 #> [28,] -0.22586621 0.046764454 0.489808919 0.293159414 #> [29,] 0.87435787 0.716903874 -1.138288982 -0.779501752 #> [30,] 0.89021883 -0.910750827 -0.192355016 -0.203391872 #> [31,] -1.82342798 -0.358241439 0.117821311 -0.001922600 #> [32,] -1.23932477 -2.099763624 -1.242235863 -0.054210012 #> [33,] -1.12139172 2.272347216 -0.155082399 -0.224653294 #> [34,] 0.50583047 -0.239282416 0.492136275 -0.299121892 #> [35,] -1.21780551 0.317335353 0.885792839 1.176967370 #> [36,] 0.23734362 0.136867847 -0.179574396 0.051067803 #> [37,] 0.01639921 -1.405271295 0.005555418 -0.460807981 #> [38,] -0.20249013 0.316473534 0.421572407 -0.381565413 #> [39,] -1.18134303 -1.499746165 0.293351467 1.204602485 #> [40,] -0.22582890 0.182050821 1.889823263 -0.598917736 #> [41,] 0.48130957 0.110606259 -0.401420536 -0.273412410 #> [42,] -0.61589785 -0.611265142 0.379344511 -1.705436185 #> [43,] -0.06432790 -0.005455767 1.584044212 -0.662372354 #> [44,] -0.34898831 -1.107076642 -1.158139239 0.051831807 #> [45,] 1.06804119 0.535589515 -0.005886766 0.346033397 #> [46,] -0.22173727 0.372618645 0.591879902 0.632369191 #> [47,] -0.09313797 0.371046253 -2.057585722 0.233755510 #> [48,] -0.53368590 0.154201217 1.414596275 0.525846445 #> [49,] -0.88012229 0.497272187 -0.012382038 0.139239429 #> [50,] 0.08393584 1.171553486 -1.084392251 0.349883273 #> [51,] 0.57140487 0.437874072 -0.317405141 0.239117305 #> [52,] -0.03010354 -0.443525844 0.228758730 -0.292823145 #> [53,] -0.99623699 -1.765952513 0.641996474 -0.001615218 #> [54,] 1.28129289 0.559939493 0.793314943 -0.595600189 #> [55,] 0.82339140 0.775359245 -0.012639176 0.220031782 #> [56,] 1.01178796 0.111808522 -0.960244171 0.089287760 #> [57,] -0.21173219 0.634829907 -0.364366320 -0.311778138 #> [58,] 0.56317308 -0.211843540 0.506915950 -0.363862621 #> [59,] -0.28074920 0.854726448 1.077541599 0.086772933 #> [60,] -1.12048832 0.197780386 -0.048462965 -0.421729125 #> #> $pca_center #> [1] -0.19528802 0.35736637 0.20852324 0.02817919 0.08022248 -0.07598368 #> [7] 0.01316175 0.08751549 -0.05739960 -0.05836311 #> #> $pca_scale #> [1] FALSE #>principal_components(x, scale = TRUE)#> $pca_sdev #> [1] 1.2962713 1.2558586 1.2132392 1.1542074 1.0238156 0.9643643 0.8933342 #> [8] 0.8811908 0.7982203 0.6015554 #> #> $pca_loadings #> PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4 PC5 PC6 #> [1,] 0.381246317 -0.14691494 0.44409047 -0.01472215 0.090793971 -0.36385905 #> [2,] 0.620548857 0.28641005 -0.52854451 0.29681554 0.008660355 0.04205106 #> [3,] 0.189064241 0.37244007 0.39156170 -0.22235348 -0.123353942 -0.09486165 #> [4,] 0.115588639 -0.02951389 0.06545116 0.18525384 0.906698011 0.08710650 #> [5,] -0.137209770 -0.13882505 -0.22189600 0.22406329 -0.020727078 0.14340477 #> [6,] -0.127173689 -0.60760795 -0.09922383 0.32154560 -0.137211064 -0.09402970 #> [7,] 0.398897837 -0.30625142 0.43984707 0.40848512 -0.212563384 0.26527003 #> [8,] 0.005809644 0.32702829 0.11142481 0.24560778 -0.219859758 0.54246491 #> [9,] 0.387241376 -0.15519536 -0.30582249 -0.18983415 -0.192287021 -0.35826614 #> [10,] -0.276325088 0.37884002 0.08560608 0.64117667 -0.067909382 -0.57171192 #> PC7 PC8 PC9 PC10 #> [1,] -0.16245439 0.35660432 -0.27556749 -0.51526856 #> [2,] 0.20112936 0.28766285 0.18517523 -0.07806113 #> [3,] 0.48938892 -0.43694540 0.34652128 -0.21924129 #> [4,] 0.08993283 -0.30494905 -0.11124202 0.06340277 #> [5,] -0.39471280 -0.35105047 0.34344843 -0.66668801 #> [6,] 0.66015095 -0.04415552 -0.11644496 -0.14975184 #> [7,] -0.22129070 -0.11946889 0.26861520 0.36853379 #> [8,] 0.06335024 -0.14185270 -0.64455116 -0.19517159 #> [9,] -0.18417851 -0.58246329 -0.37009141 0.14461099 #> [10,] -0.08404826 -0.08557807 -0.03516651 0.12082283 #> #> $pca_rotated #> PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4 PC5 PC6 #> [1,] -1.51830616 0.556601356 -0.6147185 1.92054759 -1.56385907 0.59871359 #> [2,] 0.94365533 0.009358914 1.2125091 -0.82819432 0.36851848 -0.30122514 #> [3,] 0.25003939 -0.047105962 -1.0350509 -0.39209025 -1.00606517 -1.83022329 #> [4,] 0.21231179 0.312162465 -1.0839665 1.68108439 -0.37390079 0.38740856 #> [5,] 0.07405330 1.998852154 -0.6614454 -1.73665782 0.04443971 0.56889959 #> [6,] 0.11572635 0.460548127 -0.3085498 -1.48622086 1.46379867 1.02054632 #> [7,] -1.19967905 -0.050166906 -0.8146942 1.29545291 1.56153593 -1.09397591 #> [8,] -0.96197620 0.796695635 -1.2395702 0.34287383 0.25067637 0.53622186 #> [9,] 0.49397175 0.783572639 -0.6811486 -0.96401642 0.52774678 -0.28779352 #> [10,] 0.56745539 -2.019350237 -1.0890808 -0.58079698 -1.19242858 0.98531018 #> [11,] 2.65341928 1.182516975 0.8013031 1.12831201 -0.78412145 0.03213318 #> [12,] 0.42920752 1.201776273 -1.6436036 -0.21342994 0.95912347 -1.06760627 #> [13,] 1.43427512 -1.739939088 1.7250906 1.98990652 -0.96249470 1.28384165 #> [14,] 0.95694038 1.186829607 -1.3038756 0.72561841 0.15333550 0.42621718 #> [15,] 1.23549509 0.317435477 0.5122638 -0.35293091 -0.71723143 0.72615276 #> [16,] 0.30909780 0.088278237 2.1650970 -0.93703788 0.67664526 0.48878506 #> [17,] -0.41707455 1.053207144 -0.4558909 -1.59814019 -0.63163445 0.83112810 #> [18,] 0.38840922 2.219865620 -0.4103199 -0.88917497 0.85832784 -0.92362045 #> [19,] -0.72401195 -0.444510304 -0.7412773 -0.17350248 -0.64349336 2.19914139 #> [20,] -1.40521406 -1.784678778 -3.2912227 -0.88030405 0.54732545 -1.16998750 #> [21,] 1.87451359 -0.375325392 -0.8954098 0.04728083 1.46601952 -0.15321064 #> [22,] -0.05501274 1.007068972 -1.4394039 -0.02515316 2.38330343 -1.41573736 #> [23,] -1.30754940 0.973708812 -0.2724064 -1.02177421 -0.98137717 -1.41394170 #> [24,] 1.64248395 -1.747364850 -1.4470448 0.59425432 0.64931148 -0.92394215 #> [25,] 0.85816084 -0.596249864 0.3834663 1.55947781 -0.83210022 -0.98486963 #> [26,] -0.89325885 1.119253640 -0.3450632 1.55919830 0.10260396 0.31563814 #> [27,] 0.86164294 0.760571544 0.8484896 -0.48337949 -0.05836657 -0.69044093 #> [28,] -1.57037492 -2.101418765 -1.9632240 -1.03386401 -1.84409908 -0.77556309 #> [29,] -0.22412763 -1.411368746 0.2560071 -0.74981639 -0.09833102 0.67453766 #> [30,] -1.30088255 -1.813952301 -0.4995960 1.14307118 0.49711992 0.34038673 #> [31,] -1.90115094 1.978029537 1.8105212 -1.39684974 1.04893046 0.30751870 #> [32,] -1.99606113 -1.586548736 0.4252285 0.10700421 0.57748194 0.42595160 #> [33,] 0.34550733 1.884762769 0.1906796 -0.93304971 -1.10060947 0.82200797 #> [34,] 1.69209822 -1.323073871 1.9500316 -0.04577172 -0.59258486 -1.30977154 #> [35,] -1.59792753 -1.634747060 -0.8612015 0.51149483 0.52311689 1.54174540 #> [36,] 1.38154962 -1.244709937 0.4325525 -2.29513578 -0.64725745 0.79800605 #> [37,] -0.32633226 -2.283312279 0.9569437 0.05038291 1.14225380 -2.30443785 #> [38,] 1.68946459 1.713597997 -0.6169675 -0.23887191 -0.37805479 0.03984386 #> [39,] 0.69684199 -0.587290779 -1.0806599 -0.04893910 -1.81322604 0.02863340 #> [40,] 0.50431211 -2.408296181 1.1266273 -1.68601512 1.63554309 -1.11269373 #> [41,] 1.33972255 -1.080841357 0.9567162 -0.04040834 -0.08757263 0.65068265 #> [42,] -1.94570462 0.669407607 0.9232580 0.63069483 -0.65346579 -0.13597110 #> [43,] 1.44064527 0.880437028 -0.5687700 1.23467055 -0.39706674 -0.88948534 #> [44,] 2.90212101 1.750250788 -1.0305339 1.34728294 0.03967435 -0.03530228 #> [45,] -0.91465346 1.098857696 0.4902522 0.11231686 0.05381678 0.23640247 #> [46,] 0.18862750 1.205692066 0.8748675 1.95428319 -0.04751048 -0.61419631 #> [47,] -0.35886467 -0.606824893 0.1892159 1.27444523 -0.76407567 -0.86410225 #> [48,] -0.35654384 -0.705832402 -1.3367786 1.76330989 -0.47787725 0.83398340 #> [49,] 0.86849112 0.270897413 1.5549070 1.66160903 0.78507908 0.38687798 #> [50,] -1.53459518 -0.630037898 2.2925030 2.61898184 1.26419160 0.09823967 #> [51,] -3.41626883 0.603845749 0.6286157 -0.64591993 0.62815707 -0.13630060 #> [52,] 1.33921123 -0.645621319 -0.3529361 -1.14041519 0.93141610 -0.32091502 #> [53,] -2.37952719 0.908613247 1.0620676 0.76765074 -0.22093819 -0.30568717 #> [54,] -1.38198152 1.061000220 -0.5827538 -0.60326340 -2.85129055 -0.92831880 #> [55,] -0.02112469 -0.765740331 1.0213768 0.48006122 0.68121177 0.42094173 #> [56,] -0.14017729 0.403028320 2.5433807 -1.68785846 -1.88256940 -1.36242109 #> [57,] -1.49609868 0.417133595 1.7872431 -0.78494746 -0.45417647 0.37033958 #> [58,] 0.10298247 0.022670091 -1.9887771 -0.49580721 0.92223187 2.37757536 #> [59,] 1.13895881 -2.228722390 0.7411863 -1.57117365 -0.52254147 1.01890428 #> [60,] 0.41308705 0.966502912 0.7935402 -0.54035530 1.83738372 1.57902462 #> PC7 PC8 PC9 PC10 #> [1,] 0.98920906 -1.331247680 0.508643904 -0.558712412 #> [2,] -0.85576561 -1.129282797 0.144336880 -0.768719879 #> [3,] -0.92551597 -0.373169048 0.186912325 1.097958380 #> [4,] -1.40512163 1.256106203 0.123238416 -0.350130607 #> [5,] -0.49146272 -1.344626735 -0.541325297 0.452166422 #> [6,] 0.72068968 -0.926956564 0.857095527 1.302577771 #> [7,] 1.43428010 0.479939666 0.973674916 -0.043150399 #> [8,] 0.90370657 0.798994402 -0.298070142 -0.209618373 #> [9,] -0.81731662 0.799031333 -0.657299190 -0.254716551 #> [10,] -0.59032850 -0.089061087 -1.105492741 -0.998304398 #> [11,] 0.34511587 -1.287230786 -0.670604158 -0.228742596 #> [12,] 0.07331302 0.139958468 -1.664122606 -0.395238834 #> [13,] 0.39250461 -0.514100049 0.752311126 -0.163175896 #> [14,] 0.24849963 0.311767068 0.969243311 -0.798920908 #> [15,] 1.82835634 -0.124406574 -0.288850652 1.240149949 #> [16,] 0.91412225 0.734282572 -0.008845660 1.182477563 #> [17,] -0.69243206 -0.785266633 -0.356551158 -0.139739180 #> [18,] 1.36635932 -0.365949043 0.840084718 0.589267603 #> [19,] 2.19444004 -0.066299476 -0.451920021 -0.474378407 #> [20,] -0.37835670 1.087099578 -1.308957126 0.256211611 #> [21,] 0.12778261 -1.342554871 -0.849878848 0.330479304 #> [22,] 1.62611592 -0.064568606 0.032445586 -0.645426881 #> [23,] -0.06286973 -0.019728139 0.866785472 0.328579989 #> [24,] -0.96794785 1.390022018 0.293868802 -0.027166406 #> [25,] 0.23894069 0.649384379 -0.872425219 1.008489631 #> [26,] -0.82494359 0.252357125 -0.096754265 0.393249366 #> [27,] -1.16517555 1.749731756 0.138662584 -0.132709829 #> [28,] -0.22586621 0.046764454 0.489808919 0.293159414 #> [29,] 0.87435787 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0.372618645 0.591879902 0.632369191 #> [47,] -0.09313797 0.371046253 -2.057585722 0.233755510 #> [48,] -0.53368590 0.154201217 1.414596275 0.525846445 #> [49,] -0.88012229 0.497272187 -0.012382038 0.139239429 #> [50,] 0.08393584 1.171553486 -1.084392251 0.349883273 #> [51,] 0.57140487 0.437874072 -0.317405141 0.239117305 #> [52,] -0.03010354 -0.443525844 0.228758730 -0.292823145 #> [53,] -0.99623699 -1.765952513 0.641996474 -0.001615218 #> [54,] 1.28129289 0.559939493 0.793314943 -0.595600189 #> [55,] 0.82339140 0.775359245 -0.012639176 0.220031782 #> [56,] 1.01178796 0.111808522 -0.960244171 0.089287760 #> [57,] -0.21173219 0.634829907 -0.364366320 -0.311778138 #> [58,] 0.56317308 -0.211843540 0.506915950 -0.363862621 #> [59,] -0.28074920 0.854726448 1.077541599 0.086772933 #> [60,] -1.12048832 0.197780386 -0.048462965 -0.421729125 #> #> $pca_center #> [1] -0.19528802 0.35736637 0.20852324 0.02817919 0.08022248 -0.07598368 #> [7] 0.01316175 0.08751549 -0.05739960 -0.05836311 #> #> $pca_scale #> [1] FALSE #>